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Foreword by the Author 1
Introduction:
7
Opinions are divided as to who the Khazars were. The Khazars emerged
from the Scythians and Agathyrsi. The Scythians had first appeared on the
fringes of the Assyrian Empire in Armenia-Azerbaijan in areas to which
Israelites had been exiled. The Agathyrsi were also known as Akatziri and
definitely gave rise to a leading element amongst the Khazars. The Khazars first
appeared as allies of Byzantium [Eastern Romans] against the Persians. In the beginning the
Khazars controlled areas north and south of the Caucasus. They were
allied with the Byzantines against the Arabs. The Arabs drove them northwards.
Chapter 1. Beginnings 20
One of the major centers of the Khazars was at the mouth of the Volga.
This had formerly been a center of the Orenburg Culture that reflected Assyrian
and Persian origins and used the Aramaic language. Orenburg Culture foreshadowed
the Goths who preceded the Khazars. The Khazars were also influenced by the
Scythians who had been in the Don River region and from whom they in part
derived. The Khazars may be divided into four main groupings: 1. Those that
originated South of the Caucasus such as from the Armenian-Azerbaijan area. 2.
North of the Caucasus and associated with the Huns. 3. By the Don River and
linked to the Agathyrsi and Scythians. 4. By the Volga River and extending to
Chorasmia to the east.
Chapter 2. Armenia and
Azerbaijan 43
The areas of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, etc, all had traditions that
the Lost Ten Tribes had settled within their boundaries. The Khazars ruled over
these regions before the Muslim Era. Armenia was linked with a northern entity
of Edom, Seir, and the Land of Uz. These identifications are important for the
understanding of Jewish traditions that trace part of Manasseh and Simeon to them.
Exiles from the Land of Naphtali were also recalled from that region. Persians identified the Khazars as Scythians. Iyrcae
are also known as White Ugrians, Turcae, and Khazars. They eventually moved to
Scandinavia.
Chapter 3. The Tribes of Simeon and
Manasseh in the Land of Khazaria
59
The Israelite Tribe of Simeon according to the Bible in the light of Oral
Tradition had gone to the Land of Seir and settled there. They were lead by
Princes from the Tribe of Manasseh. The intention is to the northern polity of
Edom in the area of Armenia. Jewish and Khazar traditions along with evidence
from the Geography of Ptolemy confirms the presence of elements from Manasseh
and Simeon amongst the Khazars.
Chapter 4. The
Khazars
Convert to Judaism 77
Jews were persecuted by Christians and Muslims and fled to Khazaria. The
Khazars converted to Judaism in stages. Date of the conversion is uncertain but
around 730 CE seems to be generally accepted. The Bible protects the rights of
converts. 'Moses is the messenger of God' inscribed on Khazar coin found in
Sweden. Rabbinical Judaism was accepted. Conversion of the Khazars was
preceded by Judaizing tendencies in the general region: In Thrace amongst the
Getae; in Adiabene amongst the Scythian-Sacae; in Tanais on the Don River
amongst the Royal Scythians; in Chorasmia.
Chapter 5.
Chorasmia-Afghanistan
96
Jews and Israelites were reported of in the east. One section of the
Khazars had originated in Hara. The Afghans and others claim to be descended
from the Ten Tribes. On the whole these claims are incorrect. Israelites and
Jews may have been in the said areas but had left. Present-day Afghans are not
on the whole of Israelite origin.
Chapter 6.
Chorasmia-Kwarezm
115
Choresmia (Kwarezm, Hiva, Havila) is to the east of the northern end of the
Caspian Sea. It extended to the south and encompassed Hara. The Naphtalites were
in this region as were the Kwalisses also known as Khabars who later moved to
Hungary. Many Jews had settled here and there were also local Judaizing
movements amongst the natives.
Chapter 7.
Chorasmia
Before the Khazars
123
In the past Chorasmia had been the center of a great civilization. The
Scythian Ansi (Arsacids) rulers of the Parthians came from Chorasmia; links to
the Goths and Scythians and to the Sicambri of Western Europe. Scythian culture
derived from the Middle East. Scythian enamel techniques from Ancient Israel and
Phoenicia were passed onto the British Celts and to the Anglo-Saxons.
Chapter 8. Rabbi
Iben
Shaprut
of Spain and the Khazars
130
Moslem Spain ("al-Andalus") became a bastion for the Ummayads who were
rivals of the Abbasids in the east. Hasdai Ibn Shaprut in Spain sought to
communicate with the Khazars. We still have part of this correspondence. The
letters are analyzed. The reply of King Joseph of Khazaria is shown to have
originally referred to their Israelite origins.
Chapter 9. A Record from
Khazaria
137
The Schechter Text is a letter from a subject of Khazaria. It relates
their tradition of being descended from the Tribe of Simeon and how their
conversion came about.
Chapter 10.
Hsiung-nu
Huns and Company 144
Khazars in the east are identified with the Kosa of Chinese records. The
Kosa confederated with Hsiung-Nu allegedly forerunners of the Huns and Turks.
Nephtalites move to Norway. Part of the Huns, Turks, and Alans were in the west
long before the Hun Invasions. Khazars also originated in the west, i.e. by the
Don River-Caucasus area. Gog and Magog may have encompassed Gok Turks and
Goguryeo Empire of Korea. Western Gok Turks honored by being named Onogur
meaning the "Ten Tribes". Dingling of Dan and Hesan (Hushim son of Dan)
associated with Kosa-Khazars in the east. Manas (Manasseh) made a legendary hero
in the area. The name of Machir of Manasseh also appropriated by the "Magyars"
who were subjects of the Khazars and rebelled. The Khazars were influenced by
Turkic culture. The Khazars helped Jewish refugees.
Chapter 11. The Red Jews 167
Lost Ten Tribes equated with the "Red Jews" and with "Gog and Magog". Red
hair considered a characteristic of Jews and of the "Red Jews". German tradition
considered Ten Tribes a potential menace but the English viewed them favorably.
"Red Jews" identified with the Khazars. Many Ancient Israelites had had red hair
as do many Jews today as well as a significant proportion of Scots and Irish and many others in the west.
Chapter 12. Tribes Associated with the
Khazars
176
The Sabirs were part of the Khazars. They were also known as "Manse" i.e.
Manasseh. Sabirs conquered the Akatziri (Agathyrsi) who re-emerged as the
Khazars in partnership with the Sabirs. Other groups may have included the
Bashkirs, Hephtalites-Naphtalites, Ugrian-Turcae. Some Bolgars (known as
Tartars) associated with Khazars which led to a confusion between the two.
Basils may have been remnants of the Royal Scythians. The Alans were prominent
in the Khazar federation as well as making a name for themselves in Western
Europe including Scotland.
Chapter 13. The
Khazars
and Europe 189
The Khazars pursued the Chabars and Magyars to Hungary. Khazars in
Hungary, Austria, and Poland. Magyars also known as Maceri after Machir of
Manasseh. They took the name in honor of their Khazar overlords who came from
Manasseh. Szekely Hungarians in Rumania had a script derived from a Phoenician
(Ancient Hebrew) prototype that they received from the Khazars.
Chapter 14. Ascribing Ancestries to
the Khazars:
Non-Israelite 194
Some Jewish sources said the Khazars descend from Gomer. The Karaite
Firkovitch had an agenda to prove they were of non-Israelite Gentile origin. The
Book of Jasher and Josippon are unreliable inventions. Claimed descent from
Gomer or the Sons of Gomer does not contradict an Israelite heritage as
explained in the Book of Hosea chapters one and two. Different Gentile sources
traced the Khazars to Japhet, Tirash, Thubal, Gog and Magog, or Keturah and
Abraham. The Khazars were also associated with Huns and Goths and with Moabites.
Modern scholars identify Khazars with Scythians or Slavs or Turkic peoples. The
Tats (Mountain Jews) and Scottish connections.
Chapter 15. Ascribing Ancestries to
the Khazars:
Israelite 205
Eldad HaDani, himself a Khazar, said they came from Simeon and Manasseh.
The Schecter Text, also by a Khazar, mentions an origin from Simeon. The Midrash
Ten Exiles says they came from Simeon; so does the Midrash Akton de Mar Yaakov.
So too, the medieval Chronicles of Jerahmeel mention Khazar origins from Judah
and Simeon; from Issachar, Ephraim, Manasseh and Zebulon. The Cochin Scroll
gives the Khazar origin as from Simeon and Manasseh. Historical details from the
Cochin Scroll tie in with the Geography of Ptolemy that lists tribes with names
of Israelite clans from Simeon and Manasseh in areas where the Scroll says they
should be. Arab sources (Ibn Fadlan, Maquadasisi, Ibn Hawkal, Masudi) identify
the Khazars as Jews. The Russian Chronicle and Russian folklore also identify
the Khazars as Jews. The Khazars were identified in Germany with the Red Jews
meaning the Lost Ten Tribes. The Khazars were located in areas where the Lost
Ten Tribes had been exiled to. The Ruling House of the Khazars in Arabic was
named the House of Jesse i.e. of David son of Jesse. It was the same dynasty
that ruled over the Parthians and Goths.
Chapter 16. The
Khazars
in Scandinavia 219
Early Danes fought against Khazars. Archaeological finds of Khazars in
Sweden. Anglo-Saxons and company of similar origin to the Khazars. Runic Futhark
Script transmitted by the Khazars. The Azerbaijan connection with Scandinavia.
Asgard was linked with the Khazars.
Chapter 17. Scandinavia, Scythia, and
the Huns 229
Scandinavia invaded ca. 500 CE. Iyrcae identified with both Scandinavians
and Khazars. Nephtalites and "Little Goths". Mass migrations to Norway and
Denmark. Links to the Lost Ten Tribes. The Hun occupation of Scandinavia proven
through archaeological finds and place-names. Khazars associated with Huns. The
Heruli return to Sweden.
Chapter 18. The As-Aesir
and the Huns 246
Angles, Saxons, and Frisians from Lost Ten Tribes and from Khazar areas.
The link to Odin and the Aseir who came from Scythia to Scandinavia. Khazar link
to rulers of Scandinavia. Agathyrsi, Dacians, and Denmark. Scandinavian links to
Scythia and Mongolia.
Chapter 19.
Alans,
and As 257
Alans, As, and Yasses were all one. Named Alban which was also a name
for Britain. Alans equated with the Khazars. Alans in Britain.
Chapter 20. The
Khazar
Peoples 261
One description of Khazars says they were of two types: One black-haired
and white skinned; the other very dark. Another account says they were
red-haired, large bodied, and blue-eyed. "White Ugrian" Khazars were red-haired,
pale-skinned, and green-eyed. "Cusa" (meaning Khazar) is a term still applied to
red-haired men by Tartars. Alans were blond. Khazars looked like Slavs.
Mongoloid-eyes suggested. Mainly of European type. Had two rulers. High
standards of behavior and fairness. Not all peoples referred to as Khazars
really were Khazars. Name Khazars derived from two sources; "Jeezer" ("Ay-ga-zar")
and "Caesar". Place-names of Khazars named after Samaria in Israel.
Chapter 21.
Khazars,
Varangians,
and the End 272
Kinfolk of Khazars were the first to build a settlement (called Sambat)
on the site of Kiev. Khazaria attacked and destroyed by enemies. Judaizing
tendencies amongst descendants of Khazars. Khazar remnants amongst European
Jewry. Place-names; Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Belorussia, Hungary,
Crimea, Kurdistan. General Disappearance. Their only permanent characteristic
was their Judaism.
Chapter 22. The
Picts
of Scotland and Khazaria
281
The Agathyrsi were Khazars. A portion of the Agathyrsi moved to Scotland
and merged with the Picts who were of diverse origins. Different types of Picts.
Tradition said that the Agathyrsi had moved from Scythia to Scandinavia and from
there to Ireland and then to Scotland. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recalls the
Picts origin from Scythia. Similar customs between Agathyrsi and Picts.
Agathyrsi recalled alongside Gothic groups in German record. Scottish physical
types consistent with a sojourn in Scythia. Archaeological evidence links Picts
to Khazar area of Scythia. Scots and Picts considered as descended from the Son
of Isaac. Picts linked with Saxons. Pict Brochs traced to Israelite
"watch-towers". Aed of the Picts and of British Mythology identified with "Ad"
of Arab Mythology who represented the Lost Ten Tribes of Israel and who
according to these same sources went to the Isles in the West.
Conclusion 301
How "The Khazars. Tribe 13" has proven that the Khazars were of Israelite
Descent and the implications. Why both the Khazars and the USA may be considered
Tribe 13. The USA as Manasseh and parallels with Khazaria.
References 310
End-Notes to the Chapters 318
Appendix:
"The Khazars
Are Coming" by Edward (Ephraim) Hirsch 370
Bibliography 375
Index 380
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